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1.3 Data Visualization

  • Tabular
  • Graphical

image

Frequency Distribution - Categorical

  • Summary of data that shows frequency in each of several non-overlapping categories. It gives quick and convenient visuals for required data.

Tabular

Representing data using tables image

Bar Chart

Bars that raise to equal the y-axis (frequency) values corresponding to the x-axis (Level of satisfaction).
- Frequently used for the distribution of categorical or quantitative data. image

Side-by-Side Bar Chart

To compare multiple bar charts.
- It is useful when comparing the same variable (or multiple similar variables) of 2 or more elements. image

Stacked Bar Charts

  • It is presented in a similar format to a pie chart. It takes the total frequency of each variable and shows the distribution between the elements. image

Stacked Percentage Bar Chart

Similar to the above, it is broken into percentage frequency and shows the percentage distribution of the elements (chosen when the absolute number is not important). image

Relative Frequency (Always adds up to 1)

Frequency of value relative to total observations
- Formula: Frequency / n observations
- Percentage Frequency: Relative Frequency x 100 image

Pie Chart

  • The relative ratio is multiplied by 360 (degrees in a circle) to get the sector of each attribute.
  • The size of each sector is proportional to the relative frequency.
  • Used to show the relative frequency of categorical data. image
  • It is recommended to mention the percentage or absolute value for easier visualization.

Frequency Distribution - Quantitative

image

Groups

  • Groups are non-overlapping classes of a specified width.
  • When grouping, keeping width constant across the groups is important.
  • The number of classes should be between 5 to 10.

Cumulative Frequency

Adding the frequencies up to the selected group.

Histogram

  • Similar to a bar chart but with no separation.
  • Helps see the trends easier and makes asymmetries easier to visualize.
  • It is used more frequently in quantitative data. image

Scatter Plot

  • Display of the relationship between 2 variables.
  • Sometimes, a trend line is drawn to better visualize the relationship between the 2 variables. image
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